- S. K. Singh
- A. S. Rajawat
- I. M. Bahuguna
- M. Chakraborty
- Rupal Brahmbhatt
- Ajai
- Milap Sharma
- Sunil Dhar
- S. S. Randhawa
- Kireet Kumar
- Shakil Romshoo
- R. D. Shah
- R. K. Ganjoo
- R. M. Brahmbhatt
- A. Thapliyal
- A. Panwar
- P. Jani
- S. K. S. Yadav
- Simone Darji
- Sandip R. Oza
- Gaurav Jain
- Asfa Siddiqui
- Smruti Naik
- Vaibhav Garg
- Snehmani
- Vinay Kumar
- S. A. Sharma
- Chander Shekhar
- Praveen K. Thakur
- Kavach Mishra
- Pramod Kumar
- T. H. Painter
- J. Dozier
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Rathore, B. P.
- Detection of Glacier Lakes Buried under Snow by RISAT-1 SAR in the Himalayan Terrain
Authors
1 Geo Science and Applications Group, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 9 (2015), Pagination: 1735-1739Abstract
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals penetrate through the dry snow and cloud providing crucial data over the Himalayan temperate glaciers and complement the optical images. In the present study, RISAT-1 C band and AWiFS images of winter/ablation period over Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath moraine dammed lakes (MDLs) in Himachal Pradesh have been analysed. Backscattering coefficient of the lake was observed to be low throughout the year. Penetration depth of SAR into dry snowpack was calculated to vary from 4 to 22 m for a range of snow density (0.1-0.5 g/cm3), whereas it was estimated to be 1.20- 2.01 m based on ground observations for 30 January and 24 February 2013. The present study provides results of RISAT-1 C-band penetration up to ~2 m through the snowpack to detect MDLs in the Himalayan terrain. The detection of MDLs using the backscattering images of winter season was validated with synchronous AWiFS sensor images.Keywords
Backscattering Coefficient, Glacier Lakes, Snow and Cloud, Synthetic Aperature Radar.References
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- Singh, S. K., Rathore, B. P. and Bahuguna, I. M., Understanding the effect of various glacier features on backscattering coefficients of the SAR data in the Himalayan region. SAC/EPSA/MPSG/ GSD/RISAT/SR/83/2013, 2013, p. 24.
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- Monitoring of Moraine-Dammed Lakes: A Remote Sensing-Based Study in the Western Himalaya
Authors
1 Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 10 (2015), Pagination: 1843-1849Abstract
Monitoring of lakes in glaciated terrain in the Himalayan region has been recognized as one of the priority areas especially after the Kedarnath disaster. Among all types of glacial lakes, moraine dammed lakes (MDLs) are the most important from disaster point of view. Remote sensing plays a significant role in view of availability of unbiased repeated data on the expansion or contraction of MDLs located in rugged terrains of the Himalaya. Monitoring of two MDLs, associated with Katkar and Gepang-gath glaciers in Zanskar and Chandra sub-basins respectively was done using satellite images of 1965, 1976, 1989, 2001, 2006-07, 2012 and 2014. Survey of India (SOI) topographical maps of 1962 were also referred to monitor the respective glaciers lakes. SOI maps show the presence of only one lake associated with Gepang-gath glacier. Areal extent of the MDLs had increased from 21 to 57 ha between 1965 and 2014, and from 27 to 80 ha between 1962 and 2014 for the Katkar and Gepang-gath glaciers respectively. Increase in peak discharge of the two lakes was also estimated using different empirical models in case of outbursts of these lakes. The lake outburst probability for both these lakes was found to be very low (less than 1%), however, possibility of outburst of lakes due to natural calamity like cloud burst, landslide or earthquake cannot be ignored. The rate of retreat of these two glaciers was observed to be high due to the presence of MDLs in comparison to surrounding glaciers in the valley.Keywords
Glacier, Moraine Dammed Lake, Peak Discharge, Retreat.References
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- Are the Himalayan Glaciers Retreating?
Authors
1 Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110 067, IN
4 Department of Geology, Government College, Dharamshala 176 215,, IN
5 State Council of Science and Technology, Shimla 171 009, IN
6 G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almorah 263 643, IN
7 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006, IN
8 Department of Geology, Jammu University, Jammu 180 006, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 106, No 7 (2014), Pagination: 1008-1013Abstract
The Himalayan mountain system to the north of the Indian land mass with arcuate strike of NW-SE for about 2400 km holds one of the largest concentration of glaciers outside the polar regions in its high-altitude regions. Perennial snow and ice-melt from these frozen reservoirs is used in catchments and alluvial plains of the three major Himalayan river systems, i.e. the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra for irrigation, hydropower generation, production of bio-resources and fulfilling the domestic water demand. Also, variations in the extent of these glaciers are understood to be a sensitive indicator of climatic variations of the earth system and might have implications on the availability of water resources in the river systems. Therefore, mapping and monitoring of these freshwater resources is required for the planning of water resources and understanding the impact of climatic variations. Thus a study has been carried out to find the change in the extent of Himalayan glaciers during the last decade using IRS LISS III images of 2000/01/02 and 2010/11. Two thousand and eighteen glaciers representing climatically diverse terrains in the Himalaya were mapped and monitored. It includes glaciers of Karakoram, Himachal, Zanskar, Uttarakhand, Nepal and Sikkim regions. Among these, 1752 glaciers (86.8%) were observed having stable fronts (no change in the snout position and area of ablation zone), 248 (12.3%) exhibited retreat and 18 (0.9%) of them exhibited advancement of snout. The net loss in 10,250.68 sq. km area of the 2018 glaciers put together was found to be 20.94 sq. km or 0.2% (±2.5% of 20.94 sq. km).Keywords
Ablation, Glacier, Himalaya, Retreat, Snout.- Spatio-Temporal Variability of Snow Cover in Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna Sub-Basins, Uttarakhand Himalaya
Authors
1 Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M.G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 Uttarakhand Space Application Centre, Dehradun 248 006, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 108, No 7 (2015), Pagination: 1375-1380Abstract
Advance wide field sensor (AWiFS) data of RESOURCESAT-1 and 2 satellites of IRS series were used to produce snow cover products at 10-day interval from 2004 to 2012 covering October to June of consecutive years for Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna sub-basins of Ganga basin in the Himalayan region. The snow products were generated using Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) at a spatial resolution of 56 m using green (B2) and SWIR (B5) channels of AWiFS sensor. Minimum and maximum snow cover was found to be 998, 669, 141 sq. km, and 7874, 5876, 3068 sq. km for Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna sub-basins respectively. The areal extent of snow was higher than the mean during the years 2004-2005, 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 for all sub-basins. Mean of monthly fluctuations between maximum and minimum snow cover were recorded as 3105, 2305, 1235 sq. km corresponding to variation in snow line altitude of 1613, 1770, 1440 m respectively. A subtle increase in the snow cover has been observed in these three sub-basins during 2004-2012. The results matched well with the variations in temperature taken from nearby ground weather stations. Snow cover products were analysed to understand spatio-temporal variability of accumulation and ablation of snow in the three sub-basins. Monthly fluctuations in snow cover were high during accumulation period than in ablation. This work also attributes in generation of long-term database which will be useful for understanding climatic variations over Himalayan region.Keywords
Ablation, AWiFS, Ganga, NDSI, Snow Cover.- Trends of Snow Cover in Western and West-Central Himalayas during 2004–2014
Authors
1 Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 State Centre on Climate Change, SCSTE, Shimla 171 009, IN
4 CEPT University, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
5 Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Lucknow 226 021, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 114, No 04 (2018), Pagination: 800-807Abstract
The extent of snow cover on the earth is considered an important parameter for numerous climatological and hydrological applications. Snow cover dynamics in mountainous regions is a vital input for energy balance, glacier mass balance, climate change and snowmelt runoff modelling. There have been global efforts for monitoring of snow cover of earth at varying spatial and temporal scales by generation of snow products. Among these, one of the high temporal and spatial resolution datasets has been generated using advanced wide field sensor data for Western and West-Central Himalayan region at the Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad. This is done using an algorithm developed based on normalized difference snow index. This paper discusses the trends of snow cover from 2004 to 2014 based on an input of approximately 12,600 snow cover products at sub-basin scale in Indus, Chenab, Satluj and Ganga basins. Analysis of snow cover shows high variability during accumulation than in ablation period. A subtle increase in snow cover was observed in all basins during 2004–2014.Keywords
Ablation, Accumulation, AWiFS, Snow Cover, NDSI, Western and West-Central Himalaya.References
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- Rift Assessment and Potential Calving Zone of Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Authors
1 Geology Department, M.G. Science Institute, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009,, IN
2 Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Jodhpura Tekra, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 115, No 9 (2018), Pagination: 1799-1804Abstract
Ice shelves line the peripheries of Antarctica. Rift and crevasses are two main deformational structures affecting ice shelf stability. The present study deals with propagation-widening of five active rifts and future potential calving zones on Amery Ice Shelf (AIS), East Antarctica, between 2000 and 2017 using moderate resolution image spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The widening and rift propagating rate, as well as advancement in AIS show abnormal behaviour. The expansion of AIS differs across the shelf. The highest rate of advancement was observed in 2012–2013 (~517 sq. km) and the lowest was observed in 2000– 2001 (~35 sq. km). The rift system shows variability in its proportion and having poor relationship with environmental processes, which suggests heterogeneities in the AIS. The abnormal behaviour of rift propagation during the study period can be attributed to tsunamis, tide, current action, crevasses pattern and icequakes in the vicinity of the study region.Keywords
Amery Ice Shelf–Lambert Glacier System, Rift System, Potential Calving Zone.References
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- Characterization and Retrieval of Snow and Urban Land Cover Parameters using Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun 248 001, IN
3 Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, Chandigarh 160 036, IN
4 University of California, Los Angeles, CA, US
5 University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, US
Source
Current Science, Vol 116, No 7 (2019), Pagination: 1182-1195Abstract
Snow and urban land cover are important due to their role in hydrological management and utility, climate response, social aspects and economic viability, along with influencing the Earth’s environment at local, regional and global scale. Hyperspectral data enable identification, characterization and retrieval of these land-cover features based on physical and chemical properties of compositional materials. AVIRISNG hyperspectral airborne data, with synchronous ground observations using field spectroradiometer and collateral instruments, were collected over two widely varied land-cover types, viz. a relatively homogenous area covered by snow in the extreme cold environment of the Himalaya (Bhaga sub-basin, Himachal Pradesh), and a completely heterogeneous urban area of a metropolitan city (Ahmedabad, Gujarat).
AVIRIS-NG airborne data were analysed to understand the effect of terrain parameters such as slope and aspect on snow reflectance. Snow grain index using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) bands and absorption peak in the near-infrared (NIR) were used to retrieve grain size in parts of the Himalayan region. A radiative transfer model was used to understand the grain size variability and its effect on absorption peak in NIR. Continuum removal was performed for snow spectral observations obtained from airborne, modelled and field platforms to estimate band depth at 1030 nm. Grain size was observed to vary with altitude from 100 to 500 μm using AVIRIS-NG image. In the urban area, the data also separated pervious and impervious surface cover using spectral unmixing technique, identified several urban features over multispectral data such as buildings with red tiled roofs, metallic surfaces and tarpaulin sheets using the material spectral profiles. Two single-frame superresolution methods namely sparse regression and natural prior (SRP), and gradient profile prior (GPP) were applied on AVIRIS-NG data for the mixed environment around Kankaria Lake in the city of Ahmedabad, which revealed that SRP method was better than GPP, and affirmed by eight indices. Preliminary analysis of AVIRIS-NG imaging over snow-covered areas and densely populated cities indicated utility of future spaceborne hyperspectral missions, particularly for hydrological and climatological applications in such diverse environments.
Keywords
AVIRIS-NG, Hyperspectral Imaging, Snow Reflectance, Super-Resolution Method, Terrain Parameters, Urban Land Cover.References
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